South United Mines

Site Name

Primary: South United Mines
Secondary: Grizzly
Secondary: Eureka
Secondary: Deadhorse
Secondary: Lady Washington
Secondary: New Albany
Secondary: North Albany

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Commodity

Primary: Gold

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Location

State: California
County: Tuolumne
District: Tuolumne District

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Land Status

Land ownership: Private
Note: the land ownership field only identifies whether the area the mine is in is generally on public lands like Forest Service or BLM land, or if it is in an area that is generally private property. It does not definitively identify property status, nor does it indicate claim status or whether an area is open to prospecting. Always respect private property.
Administrative Organization: Tuolumne County Planning Department

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Holdings

Not available

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Workings

Not available

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Ownership

Not available

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Production

Not available

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Deposit

Record Type: Site
Operation Category: Past Producer
Deposit Type: Hydrothermal vein
Operation Type: Underground
Discovery Year: 1858
Years of Production:
Organization:
Significant: Y
Deposit Size: M

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Physiography

Not available

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Mineral Deposit Model

Model Name: Low-sulfide Au-quartz vein

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Orebody

Form: Tabular, pinch and swell

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Structure

Not available

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Alterations

Alteration Type: L
Alteration Text: None reported

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Rocks

Name: Granodiorite
Role: Host
Age Type: Host Rock
Age Young: Jurassic

Name: Mica Schist
Role: Host
Age Type: Host Rock
Age Young: Mesozoic
Age Old: Paleozoic

Name: Slate
Role: Host
Age Type: Host Rock
Age Young: Mesozoic
Age Old: Paleozoic

Name: Metamorphic Rock
Role: Host
Age Type: Host Rock
Age Young: Mesozoic
Age Old: Paleozoic

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Analytical Data

Not available

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Materials

Ore: Gold
Ore: Pyrite
Ore: Galena
Gangue: Quartz

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Comments

Comment (Development): As described by Julihn and Horton (1940), the United Mines comprised nine patented claims along the North Fork of the Tuolumne River just east of the town of Tuolumne. Included in this group were the Grizzly, Lady Washington, Dead Horse, Eureka, New Albany, North Albany, and Side Wiper. of these, the Grizzly and New Albany were reportedly the largest producers. The deposit was discovered about 1858 and mining/exploration was active at least to 1921, when exploratory work along the Dead Horse vein deepened the Dead Horse shaft by 300 feet and failed to discover commercially important ore bodies. The Eureka, Dead Horse, Lady Washington, and Grizzly workings were developed on the Dead Horse vein, while the various New Albany workings were developed on the New Albany vein. Trams were used in the operations. Cyanidation was used in the processing of ore at this deposit.

Comment (Economic Factors): Clark (1970) reported a production value of $1.5 million for the Grizzly Mine and $1.7 million for a mine listed as the South United. The ?South United? is believed here to be a misnomer for the United Mines group, which included the Grizzly Mine.

Comment (Geology): The United Mines group is within the Sierra Nevada foothills, where bedrock consists of northerly trending tectonostratigraphic belts of metamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic rocks and associated intrusive rocks that range in age from Paleozoic to Mesozoic. The structural belts, which extend about 235 miles along the western side of the Sierra, are flanked to the east by the Sierra Nevada Batholith and to the west by sedimentary rocks of the Cretaceous and Jurassic Great Valley sequence. The structural belts are internally bounded by the Melones and Bear Mountains fault zones and are characterized by extensive faulting, shearing, and folding (Earhart, 1988). From El Dorado County southward into Mariposa County, lode gold deposits occur in three distinct belts - the West Belt, the Mother Lode Belt, and the East Belt. The Mother Lode Belt is responsible for most of the gold produced. However, there has also been substantial gold production from the West Belt and East Belt. The West Belt in Tuolumne County consists of sparse, widely scattered gold deposits located west of the Mother Lode vein system, which represents the Mother Lode Belt. Gold occurs in irregular quartz veins and stringers in schist, slate, granitic rocks, altered mafic rocks, and as gray ore in greenstone. The West Belt is cut by the northwest-trending Bear Mountains fault zone, which separates an assemblage of metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks of Jurassic age on the southwest from a more disrupted and diverse assemblage of metavolcanic, metasedimentary, plutonic, ultramafic, and melange rocks on the northeast. The metavolcanic rocks consist generally of volcanic and volcanic-sedimentary rocks of island arc affinity. These rocks are mostly mafic to intermediate in composition and include flows, breccias, and a variety of layered pyroclastic rocks. Some silicic rocks are present also. Various formation names assigned to the metavolcanic assemblages include Gopher Ridge, Copper Hill, Logtown Ridge, and Penon Blanco the metasedimentary rocks are dominantly distal turbidites and hemipelagic sequences of black slate. Assigned formation names include Mariposa, Salt Spring Slate, and Merced Falls Slate. The northwest-trending Mother Lode Belt traverses western Tuolumne County and is associated with the Melones Fault Zone. The rocks of this belt are typically metavolcanic, metasedimentary, and ultramafic, some of which have been hydrothermally altered to assemblages as described below. Mother Lode Belt mineralization is characterized by steeply dipping gold-bearing quartz veins and bodies of mineralized country rock adjacent to veins. Mother Lode veins are characteristically enclosed in Mariposa Formation slate with associated greenstone. The Mother Lode belt vein system ranges from a few hundred feet to a mile or more in width. Within the zone are numerous discontinuous or linked veins, which may be parallel, convergent, or en echelon. The veins commonly pinch and swell. Few can be traced more than a few thousand feet. Mother Lode type veins fill voids created within faults and fracture zones and consist of quartz, gold and associated sulfides, ankerite, calcite, chlorite, limonite, talc, chromium-bearing mica, and sericite. Stringer veins are commonly found in both adjacent footwall and hanging walls. Mother Lode ores are generally low- to moderate-grade (1/3 ounce of gold or less per ton), but ore bodies can be large. Ore shoots are generally short, 200-300 feet being the average stope length. However, they persist at depth, some having been mined to several thousand feet (Clark and Lydon, 1962). Ore shoots are commonly localized at bulges in veins, shear zones, vein intersections, or near abrupt changes in strike or dip.

Comment (Identification): This group of mines represents a consolidation of many individual mines that exploited two gold-bearing vein systems, the Dead Horse and New Albany, which are east of the town of Tuolumne along the North Fork of the Tuolumne River. Historically, the group has been described as both the ?Grizzly? and the ?United Mines? (Julihn and Horton, 1940). Clark (1970) reported a ?South United? Mine in this district, but this name is believed to be in error. Consequently, it is recommended that the ?Grizzly? deposit be eliminated and the name ?South United? be dropped and substituted by ?United Mines? to represent all of the individual mines in this group.

Comment (Commodity): Ore Materials: Native gold, auriferous sulfides (pyrite, galena)

Comment (Commodity): Gangue Materials: Quartz

Comment (Workings): Workings along these veins consisted of shafts (at least four), adits, drifts, and crosscuts. An inclined shaft on the Dead Horse vein reached at least 2,100 feet deep on the incline (50o).

Comment (Deposit): The United Mines group exploited a typical East Belt gold deposit, which is characterized by a tabular hydrothermal quartz-vein system that fills fissures in country rock of granodiorite and metamorphic rock. This system is interpreted to extend for about 10 miles (Higgins, 1997). The metamorphic rocks in the area have been mapped as both Calaveras Complex and Shoo Fly Complex. The system consists of two principal veins, the Dead Horse and New Albany. The Dead Horse strikes N35-45W, generally dips 50NE, and averages about 2-5 feet in width. It follows a contact between granodiorite and slate/mica schist in one area and is within granodiorite elsewhere. Jones (1936) interpreted two veins as part of the Dead Horse, about 40 feet apart, which he termed the hanging wall and footwall veins. The New Albany strikes N35-40W, generally dips 55-60NE, and averages about 3-5 feet in width. It follows a contact between granodiorite and slate/mica schist. Ore minerals in the vein system include native gold and low percentages of various auriferous sulfides (pyrite and galena). The best ore reportedly was present as lenses at the intersections of the veins with dikes. The vertical extent of the system is not known.

Comment (Geology): Wall rocks have invariably been hydrothermally altered, having been partially to completely converted to ankerite, sericite, quartz, pyrite, arsenopyrite, chlorite, and albite with traces of rutile and leucoxene (Knopf, 1929). The mineralization is usually adjacent to the veins in ground that has been fractured and contains small stringers and lenses of quartz. Locally, greenstone bodies adjacent to the quartz veins contain enough disseminated auriferous pyrite in large enough bodies to constitute what has been called "gray ore". Altered slate wall rock commonly contains pyrite, arsenopyrite, quartz, chlorite, and sericite with or without ankerite (Zimmerman, 1983). Large bodies of mineralized schist also form low-grade ore bodies throughout the Mother Lode. This ore consists of amphibolite schist that has been subjected to the same processes of alteration, replacement, and deposition that formed the greenstone gray ores. The altered schist consists mainly of ankerite, sericite, chlorite, quartz, and albite. Gold is associated with the pyrite and other sulfides that are present. Pyrite comprises about 8 percent of the rock. The average grade of mineralized schist is about 0.1 oz per ton. The Melones Fault zone separates the Mother Lode Belt from the East Belt. The East Belt is dominantly argillite, phyllite and phyllonite, chert, and metavolcanic rocks of Paleozoic-Mesozoic age. Carbonate rocks (marble) are also present locally. The phyllite and phyllonite are dark to silvery gray. The chert is mostly thin-bedded with phyllite partings. The Upper Paleozoic-Lower Mesozoic metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks of the East Belt have been assigned to the Calaveras Complex by most investigators (Earhart, 1988). The Lower Paleozoic metamorphic rocks farther east have been assigned to the Shoo Fly Complex. More recently, some geologists have reinterpreted some assemblages along and immediately east of the Melones Fault Zone as separate Jurassic units (Schweickert and others, 1999). The metamorphic complexes are intruded in places by Mesozoic plutonic rocks. Lode deposits of the East Belt consist of many individual gold-bearing quartz veins enclosed in metamorphic rocks of possible Jurassic age, metamorphic rocks of the Calaveras Complex, metamorphic rocks of the Shoo Fly complex, or in granitic rocks. Most of the veins trend northward and dip steeply. An east-west set of intersecting faults may be a controlling factor in controlling deposition of ore. Ore deposits of the East Belt are smaller and narrower than those of the Mother Lode, but commonly are more chemically complex, and richer in grade. Gold is usually associated with appreciable amounts of pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, galena, sphalerite, and arsenopyrite. LOCAL GEOLOGY The United Mines group is developed in a hydrothermal quartz-vein system that fills fissures in country rock of granodiorite and metamorphic rock. This system is interpreted to extend for about 10 miles (Higgins, 1997). The metamorphic rocks in the area have been mapped as both Calaveras Complex and Shoo Fly Complex. The system consists of two principal veins, the Dead Horse and New Albany. The Dead Horse strikes N35-45W, generally dips 50NE, and averages about 2-5 feet in width. It follows a contact between granodiorite and slate/mica schist in one area and is within granodiorite elsewhere. Jones (1936) interpreted two veins as part of the Dead Horse, about 40 feet apart, which he termed the hanging wall and footwall veins. The New Albany strikes N35-40W, generally dips 55-60NE, and averages about 3-5 feet in width. It follows a contact between granodiorite and slate/mica schist. Ore minerals in the vein system include native gold and low percentages of various auriferous sulfides (pyrite and galena). The best ore reportedly was present as lenses at the intersections of the veins with dikes. The vertical extent of the system is not known.

Comment (Location): Location selected for latitude and longitude is the abandoned-structure symbol about one mile east of the town of Tuolumne near the north edge of Section 9 on the USGS 7.5-minute Tuolumne quadrangle. This structure may represent a mining-related feature associated with the United Mines. It also may be in the approximate geographic center of the distribution of the individual mines that compose the group. Locations of the mines, other than the Deadhorse and Eureka, are not well defined.

Comment (Commodity): Commodity Info: Ore reportedly carried about 1-2% sulfides, which averaged about 2-3 ounces of gold per ton. The native gold was described as both coarse and fine.

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References

Reference (Deposit): Clark, W. B., 1970, Gold districts of California: California Division of Mines and Geology Bulletin 193, p. 121-123.

Reference (Deposit): Clark. W. B., and Lydon, P.A., 1962, Mines and mineral resources of Calaveras County, California: California Division of Mines and Geology County Report No. 2, p. 72-73.

Reference (Deposit): Earhart, R.L., 1988, Geologic setting of gold occurrences in the Big Canyon area, El Dorado County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1576, 13 p.

Reference (Deposit): Higgins, C.T., 1997, Mineral land classification of a portion of Tuolumne County, California, for precious metals, carbonate rock, and concrete-grade aggregate: California Division of Mines and Geology Open-File Report 97-09, 85 p.

Reference (Deposit): Julihn, C.E., and Horton, F.W., 1940, Mineral industries survey of the United States - Mines of the southern Mother Lode Region, Part II - Tuolumne and Mariposa counties: U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 424, 179 p.

Reference (Deposit): Knopf, A., 1929, The Mother Lode system of California: U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 157, 88 p.

Reference (Deposit): Koschmann, A.H., and Bergendahl, M.H., 1968, Principal gold-producing districts of the United States: U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 610, 283 p.

Reference (Deposit): Logan, C.A., 1921, Tuolumne County: California State Mining Bureau, 17th Annual Report of the State Mineralogist, p. 483-484.

Reference (Deposit): Logan, C.A., 1928, Tuolumne County: California State Mining Bureau, 24th Annual Report of the State Mineralogist, p. 20-21.

Reference (Deposit): Logan, C.A., 1949, Mines and mineral resources of Tuolumne County, California: California Journal of Mines and Geology, v. 45, no. 1, p. 47-83.

Reference (Deposit): Schweickert, R.A., Hanson, R.E., and Girty, G.H., 1999, Accretionary tectonics of the Western Sierra Nevada Metamorphic Belt in Wagner, D.L. and Graham, S.A., editors, Geologic field trips in northern California: California Division of Mines and Geology Special Publication 119, p. 33-79.

Reference (Deposit): Tucker, W.B., 1916, Tuolumne County: California State Mining Bureau, 14th Annual Report of the State Mineralogist, p. 132-172.

Reference (Deposit): Wagner, D.L., Bortugno, E.J., and McJunkin, R.D., 1990, Geologic map of the San Francisco-San Jose Quadrangle, California: California Department of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology Regional Geologic Map Series, Map No. 5A, scale 1:250,000.

Reference (Deposit): Jones, A.J., 1936, Eureka-Deadhorse-Lady Washington summary: Unpublished consulting report, 8 p.

Reference (Deposit): Zimmerman, J.E., 1983, The geology and structural evolution of a portion of the Mother Lode Belt, Amador County, California: Unpublished M.S. thesis, University of Arizona, 138 p.

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